大学英语（A）考试大纲

试点高校网络教育部分公共基础课全国统一考试，旨在遵循网络教育应用型人才的培养目标，针对从业人员继续教育的特点，重在检验学生掌握英语基础知识的水平及应用能力，全面提高现代远程高等学历教育的教学质量。“大学英语”课程是现代远程教育试点高校网络教育实行全国统一考试的部分公共基础课之一。该课程的考试是一种基础水平检测性考试，考试合格者应达到与成人高等教育本科相应的大学英语课程要求的水平。

考试对象

教育部批准的现代远程教育试点高校网络教育学院和中央广播电视大学“人才培养模式改革和开放教育试点”项目中自2004年3月1日（含3月1日）以后入学的本科层次学历教育的学生，应参加网络教育部分公共基础课全国统一考试。

“大学英语（A）”考试大纲适用于英语类专业的高中起点与专科起点本科学生。

考试目标

本考试旨在全面检查现代远程教育英语专业学生综合运用英语听、说、读、写、译各项基本技能的能力。考生应扎实地掌握基本的语法知识和词汇，具备运用不同的阅读和听力技巧获取信息的能力以及用英语进行口头和笔头交际的能力。

    听说能力考核暂不列入全国统考范围之内，由各学校自行组织。相关要求参见本大纲。

考试内容与要求

【语法】 考生应扎实地掌握基本的英语语法知识，并能在交际中正确地加以运用。

【词汇】 考生应认知5 000个单词，并熟练掌握其中的2 300个词及其基本的搭配。

【阅读】 考生应能读懂与日常生活和社会生活相关的不同类型的文字材料，包括应用文、描述文、记叙文、说明文和议论文等不同文体，阅读速度为每分钟80个单词。考生应能：

1．  理解主旨要义；

2．  理解文中具体信息；

3．  根据上下文推测生词词义；

4．  进行有关的判断、推理和引申；

5．  理解文中的概括性含义；

6．  理解文章的结构及单句之间、段落之间的关系；

7．  理解作者的意图、观点或态度；

8．  区分观点、论点和论据。

【翻译】考生应能在规定的时间内将2个难度适中的中文句子翻译成英语。考生应能：

1．  用正确的语法、词汇、拼写、标点等进行表达；

2．  做到译文通顺、达意。

【写作】 考生应能在30分钟内写出长度不少于150词的常见应用文及一般的描述文、记叙文、说明文和议论文。考生应能：

1．  用正确的语法、词汇、拼写、标点进行表达；内容切题，结构严谨，条理清楚；

2．  遵循文章的一般文体格式；

3．  根据不同的写作目的进行有针对性的写作。

【听力】 考生应能听懂日常生活以及社会生活中的一般性谈话，平均语速为每分钟140个单词。考生应能：

1．  理解主旨要义；

2．  获取事实性的具体信息

3．  了解明确表达的概括性含义；

4．  进行有关的判断、推理和引申；

5．  理解说话者的意图、观点或态度。

【口语】 考生应能就日常生活和工作中的常见情景进行对话，表达个人意见、观点和态度。考生应能：

1．  根据特定场景进行有效、得体的口头交际；

2．  基本连贯地进行较长的表述；

3．  做到语音、语调基本正确，无重大语法错误，语言流畅；

4．  主动交流，并能用适当的补救措施解决交流中出现的困难。

试卷结构与题型

考试方式与时间

考试为基于网络的闭卷考试,满分为100分，时间为90分钟。除翻译与写作部分采用人工阅卷以外，其他部分采用机器阅卷。考试由全国高校网络教育考试委员会组织命题，在同一时间全国统考。

题型示例

 大学英语（A）模拟试卷

Information for the Examinees:

This examination consists of FOUR parts. They are:

Section I   Reading Comprehension  (30 points, 25 minutes)

Section II   Vocabulary and Grammar (40 points, 25 minutes)

Section III  Translation (10 points, 10 minutes)

Section IV  Writing (20 points, 30 minutes)

The total score for this examination is 100. The time allowed for this examination is 90 minutes.

Section I: Reading Comprehension                  [30 points]

Instructions:

Ø        This section will take approximately 25 minutes.

Ø        There are TWO sections in this part.

Part 1: Questions 1-5 are based on this part. (15 points)

Read the following passage and choose the best answer from A, B, C and D.

Manhattan Island is the oldest and most important of the five boroughs that make up New York City. It is 21.7 kilometers long and 3.8 kilometers wide at its widest point. It contains New York’s tallest buildings as well as some of the largest schools and colleges, and the most famous financial and theater districts in the United States. It has skyscrapers and Central Park, the old and the new, the best and the worst. It is like no other big city. It is unique.

To understand Manhattan, we must know something of its early history: its early days of Dutch colonists and English settlers; the waves of the nineteenth-century European immigrants who arrived at its shores; the African-Americans who moved north after the Civil War; recent immigrants from China and other parts of Asia; and young people who go to New York from all over America. It is a mix of ethnic groups and cultures, successes and failures, hopes and fears.

The United States is a nation of immigrants and no other city displays this fact as well as New York City. From Chinatown and Little Italy to Harlem, New York is a place where communities take pride in retaining their ethnicity. Most immigrants went to America with very little money. America gave them hope and a new beginning. Millions of immigrants have prospered in America.

On July 4, 1884, the people of France gave to the United States as a symbol of friendship, a statue sculptured by Frederic Auguste Bartholdi. This statue was placed on an island in New York Harbor. It is 46 meters high and was the first sight immigrants saw as they came into New York City by ship. It is known as the Statue of Liberty. On the statue is a poem written by Emma Lazarus. This poem sums up the American tradition of accepting people from other countries. It reads as follows:

Give me your tired, your poor,

Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free,

The wretched refuse of your teeming shore.

Send these, the homeless, tempest-tossed to me,

I lift my lamp beside the golden door!

1. What was the first sight immigrants on incoming ships saw as they entered New York Harbor?

A.      Chinatown.

B.      Central Park.

C.      Harlem.

D.     The Statue of Liberty.

2. Emma Lazarus’ poem says that America is a place _________________.

A.      where poor and unfortunate people are welcome

B.      where there is fortune for people coming from other parts of the world

C.      where there is garbage and litter on the shore

D.     where there is a big light for people to get together

.

.

5.

Part 2: Questions 6- 10 are based on this part. (15 points)

Read the following passage and choose the best answer from A, B, C and D.

（题型示例参见Part 1）

6.

.

.

10.

Section II: Vocabulary and Grammar                 [40 points]

Instructions:

Ø        This section will take 25 minutes.

Ø        There are TWO parts in this section.

Part 1: Questions 11- 20 are based on this section. (20 points)

Read the following sentences and choose the best answer from A, B, C and D.

11. Mary did her work ______ the manager had instructed.

A．as

A.      until

B.      when

C.      though

12. The boss gave orders that nothing ________ touched until the police arrived here.

A.      should be

B.      ought to be

C.      must be

D.     would be

13. _________ of the twins went out of town because I saw both at my brother’s party last night.

A.      None 

B.      Both

C.      Neither

D.     All

.

.

.

20．

Part 2: Questions 21 - 30 are based on this section. (20 points)

Read the following passage and fill in each blank by choosing the best answer from A, B, C and D.

More and more people have to install burglar alarms in their houses if they want to get insurance. Insurance companies _______ (21) people in certain areas to install the alarms before they will give them insurance for the past year. This is ________ (22) to increasing crimes in some parts of the country. This can be a problem for people who are struggling to make _______ (23) ends meet. The alarms, _________ (24) can be very expensive, need to be installed by an electrician. It is _______ (25) that 20% of homes have alarms installed, and another 20% of people plan to have them installed, but have not installed them yet. The insurance companies ______ (26) people to install the alarms on all doors and windows.…

21．A. have been asking

B. have been asked

C. had been asking

D. had been asked

22．A. caused

B. because

C. due

D. resulted

23．A. / （不用填）

B. the

C. all

D. their

24．A. who

B. that

C. where

D. which

25．A. estimate

B. estimating

C. estimated

D. being estimated

26.   A. warned

       B. told

       C. suggested

       D. reminded

.

.

.

30.

Section III: Translation                             [10 points]

Instructions:

Ø        This section will take 10 minutes.

Ø        There are TWO sentences in this part.

Questions 31-32 are based on this section.

Translate the following sentences into English.

31.   我选择网络教育的主要原因是其灵活性。

32.   我已经认真考虑过你提出的建议。

Section IV: Writing                                [20 points]

Instructions:

Ø        This section will take 30 minutes.

Ø        Your essay should be no less than 150 words.

You are supposed to have witnessed a bag snatch and you need to describe it to the police.　Write about the incident in no less than 150 words. You can write about the bag snatcher, the place, the time and what happened, etc.

大学英语（A）模拟试卷参考答案

Section I: Reading Comprehension                 [30 points]

Part 1. (15 points, 3 points each)

1.D  2. A

（略）   （共5个题）

Part 2 . (15 points, 3 points each)  （略）（共5个题）

Section II: Vocabulary and Grammar                [40 points]

Part 1. (20 points, 2 points each)

11.A  12. A  13. C

（略）  （共10个题）

Part 2. (20 points, 2 points each)

21.A  22. C  23. A  24. D  25. C  26. B

（略） （共10个题）

Section III: Translation                            [10 points]

评分标准：

1、每题5分。其中译文基本通顺、达意，得3分；能用基本正确的语法、词汇、拼写、标点等进行表达，得2分；

2、每句可有多种译法，评分时不要拘泥于参考答案。学生的译文只要基本达意就应得分。

31. I choose/have chosen/chose online education mainly because of its flexibility.

32. I have seriously thought over the suggestion you put forward.

Section IV: Writing                                     [20 points]

写作评分标准：

满分为20分，分为内容（满分6分）、语言（满分12分）和书写（满分2分）三部分打分，三部分分值相加的分数即为作文的总分。各部分评分标准如下：

大学英语（B）考试大纲

(2010年3月修订)

试点高校网络教育部分公共基础课全国统一考试，旨在遵循网络教育应用型人才的培养目标，针对从业人员继续教育的特点，重在检验学生掌握英语基础知识的水平及应用能力，全面提高现代远程高等学历教育的教学质量。

“大学英语”课程是现代远程教育试点高校网络教育实行全国统一考试的部分公共基础课之一。该课程的考试是一种基础水平检测性考试，考试合格者应达到与成人高等教育本科相应的大学英语课程要求的水平。

考试对象

教育部批准的现代远程教育试点高校网络教育学院和中央广播电视大学“人才培养模式改革和开放教育试点”项目中自2004年3月1日（含3月1日）以后入学的本科层次学历教育的学生，应参加网络教育部分公共基础课全国统一考试。

“大学英语（B）”考试大纲适用于除英语类和艺术类专业以外的其他专业高中起点与专科起点本科学生。

考试目标

本考试旨在考查现代远程教育所有专业（除英语类和艺术类专业）的学生掌握英语基础知识的水平及应用能力。考生应掌握基本的英语语法知识和词汇，具备运用不同语言技能进行交际的基本能力。

考试内容与要求

【语法】 考生应较好地掌握基本的英语语法知识，并能在交际中较正确地加以运用。

【词汇】 考生应认知3 000个单词，并熟练掌握其中的1 800个单词及其基本的搭配。

【交际能力】 考生应掌握日常生活常见情景中的基本交际用语。

【阅读】 考生应能读懂与日常生活和社会活动相关的不同类型的文字材料，包括应用文、描述文、记叙文、说明文和议论文等，阅读速度为每分钟50个单词。考生应能：

1．      理解主旨要义；

2．      理解文中具体信息；

3．      根据上下文推测生词词义；

4．      进行有关的判断、推理和引申，理解作者的意图、观点或态度。

【翻译】考生应能在10分钟内将3个难度适中的英文句子翻译成中文。考生应能：

1. 对英语原文有准确的理解；

2. 做到译文通顺、达意。

【写作】 考生应能在30分钟内写出长度不少于80词的常见应用文及一般的叙述文、说明文或议论文。考生应能：

1．      用较正确的语法、词汇、拼写、标点进行表达；

2．      基本做到内容切题，结构严谨，条理清楚；

3．      根据不同的写作目的进行有针对性的写作。

试卷结构与题型

 大学英语（B）试卷结构与题型

考试方式与时间

考试为基于网络的闭卷考试。考试满分为100分，时间为90分钟。除翻译与写作部分采用人工阅卷外，其他部分采用机器阅卷。考试由全国高校网络教育考试委员会组织命题，在同一时间全国统考。

题型示例

大学英语（B）模拟试卷

第一部分：交际用语（共5小题；每小题3分，满分15分）

       此部分共有5个未完成的对话，针对每个对话中未完成的部分有4个选项，请从A、B、C、D四个选项中选出正确选项。

1．  — Hello, could I speak to Mr. Smith, please?

       — ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­_________________________

       A. Who are you?                                B. Who’s there?

       C. Who could I help?                          D. Who’s speaking?

2.    — I believe we’ve met somewhere before.

       — No, ­­­­­­­­­­­­­____________________.

       A. it isn’t the same                             B. it can’t be true

       C. I don’t think so                              D. I’d rather not

3~5 (略).

第二部分：阅读理解（共10小题；每小题3分，满分30分）

       此部分共有2篇短文，每篇短文后有5个问题。请从每个问题后的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出正确选项。

Passage 1

The United States covers a large part of the North American continent. Its neighbors are Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. Although the United States is a big country, it is not the largest in the world. In 2000, its population was over 222 million.

When this land first became a nation, after winning its independence from England, it had thirteen states. Each of the states was represented on the American flag by a star. All these states were in the eastern part of the continent. As the nation grew toward the west, new states were added and new stars appeared on the flag. For a long time, there were 48 stars. In 1959, however, two more stars were added to the flag, representing the new states of Alaska and Hawaii.

Indians were the first people of the land which is now the United States. There are still many thousands of Indians now living in all parts of the country. Sometimes it is said that the Indians are “the only real Americans”. Most Americans come from all over the world. Those who came first in greatest numbers to make their homes on the eastern coast of North America were mostly from England. It is for that reason that the language of the United States is English and that its culture and customs are more like those of England than those of any other country in the world.

6.    Which of the following is TRUE?

A. America is the largest country in the world.

B. The United States lies next to Canada and Mexico.

C. America covers most part of the North American continent.

D. Mexico is to the north of Canada.

7.    After winning its independence, the United States _________.

A. had nothing to do with England

B. made India part of its land

C. mainly developed westward

D. took over parts of Canada and Mexico

8.    The United States didn’t have ______ states until ________.

A. thirteen; 1959

B. fifty; 1959

C. fifty; this land first became a nation

D. fifty;1964

9.    Why is English the language of America?

A. English is the native language of the Indians.

B. Most Americans come from all over the world.

C. Canada is America’s nearest neighbor.

D. Most of the people who first settled in America were from England.

10. The best title for the passage is “ _________”.

A. the States of America

B. The language of America

C. The United States of America

D. The Culture and Customs of America

Passage 2

11~15 （略）

第三部分：词汇与结构（共5小题；每小题3分，满分15分）

       此部分共有5个未完成的句子，针对每个句子中未完成的部分有4个选项，请从A、B、C、D四个选项中选出正确选项。

16.   I tried to put _____ a telephone call to him, but his line was always busy.

       A. over                  B. into                   C. away                       D. through

17.   I hadn’t seen him for years, but I ______________ his voice on the telephone.

       A. realized             B. recognized         C. discovered                D. heard

18.   Neither Bill nor his parents __________ at home.

       A. is                      B. has                   C. are                           D. was

19.   If you don’t want to get wet, you had better ­­­­­­­­________ this umbrella with you.

       A. take                  B. to take               C. taken                       D. for taking

20. （略）

第四部分：完型填空（共10小题；每小题1分，满分10分）

以下短文中共包含10个未完成的句子，针对每个句子中空缺部分有4个选项，请从A、B、C、D四个选项中选出正确选项。

A survey was carried out last year by the British Medical Association, an organization of doctors. It shows that most people do not do   21    exercise. In 1995, 60% of people walked more than one mile a day. Now, that number has fallen     22     to only 20%.     23___    more people are going to the gym, fewer people are walking. Doctors say we need    24    for 20 minutes three times a week.    25     is an easy form of exercise that everyone can do. If you walk one mile each day, you     26     your health very quickly. Doctors say we ___27___ to tackle this problem head on and try      28     people healthier because not doing enough exercise is responsible    29     many of the country’s health problems. Doctors suggest you go    30     a walk every day after dinner.

21. A. few                    B. little                         C. some                       D. enough

22. A. greatly                B. slightly                     C. easily                       D. slowly

23. A. So                      B. Therefore                 C. Although                  D. But

24. A. exercising           B. to exercise                C. exercised                  D. to exercising

25. A. Walked               B. To walk                    C. To walking               D. Walking

26. A. will improve        B. improve                    C. improving                 D. improved

27. A. can                     B. need                         C. must                        D. will

28. A. making               B. make                        C. to make                    D. made

29. A. to                       B. on                            C. at                                   D. for

30. A. at                       B. for                           C. to                                   D. with

第五部分：英译汉 （满分15分）

请把下列3句英文翻译成中文。

31.   I will finish reading this book in a week.

32.   You should look around before you cross the street.

33.    （略）

第六部分：写作（满分15分）

要求在30分钟内，根据下面所给的题目和中文提纲用英语写出一篇不少于80词的短文。

工作申请

1．  写明申请的职位。

2．  陈述你的相关学习、工作经历。

3．  联系方法。

大学英语（B）模拟试卷参考答案

第一部分：交际用语（满分15分）

1. D        2.C         3~5（略）

第二部分：阅读理解（满分30分）

6. B 7. C      8. B   9. D    10. C      11~15.（略）

第三部分：词汇和结构（满分15分）

16. D      17. B       18. C     19. A   20. （略）

第四部分：完型填空 （满分10分）

21. D   22. A     23. C    24. B    25. D 

26. A     27. B   28. C     29. D     30. B

第五部分：英译汉 （满分15分）

31. 我将在一周内读完这本书。

32.   在过马路之前，你应该向四周看看。

33.（略）

第六部分：写作（满分15分）

（略）

大学英语（C）考试大纲

(2010年3月修订)

试点高校网络教育部分公共基础课全国统一考试，旨在遵循网络教育应用型人才的培养目标，针对从业人员继续教育的特点，重在检验学生掌握英语基础知识的水平及应用能力，全面提高现代远程高等学历教育的教学质量。“大学英语”课程是现代远程教育试点高校网络教育实行全国统一考试的部分公共基础课之一。该课程的考试是一种基础水平检测性考试，考试合格者应达到与成人高等教育本科相应的大学英语课程要求的水平。

考试对象

教育部批准的现代远程教育试点高校网络教育学院和中央广播电视大学“人才培养模式改革和开放教育试点”项目中自2004年3月1日（含3月1日）以后入学的本科层次学历教育的学生，应参加网络教育部分公共基础课全国统一考试。

“大学英语（C）”考试大纲适用于艺术类专业的高中起点与专科起点本科学生。

考试目标

本考试旨在考查现代远程教育艺术类专业学生运用英语的基本能力。考生应掌握基础的语法知识和词汇，并初步具备运用不同语言技能进行简单交际的能力。

考试内容与要求

【语法】 考生应掌握基础英语语法知识，并能较正确地加以运用。

【词汇】 考生应认知2000个单词，并较熟练地掌握其中的1200个单词及其基本的搭配。

【阅读】 考生应能读懂与日常生活和社会生活相关的不同类型的一般性文字材料，包括应用文、记叙文、描述文、议论文等文体，阅读速度为每分钟40个单词。考生应能：

1、理解主旨要义；

2、理解文中具体信息；

3、根据上下文推测生词词义。

【翻译】 考生应能对一般难度的句子进行英汉互译，理解正确，表述清楚，用词基本得当。

试卷结构与题型

考试方式与时间

考试为基于网络的闭卷考试，满分为100分，时间为90分钟。除翻译部分采用人工阅卷外，其他部分采用机器阅卷。考试由全国高校网络教育考试委员会组织命题，在同一时间全国统考。

题型示例

大学英语（C）模拟试卷

第一部分：阅读理解（共10小题；每小题2分，满分20分）

此部分共有2篇短文，每篇短文后有5个问题，每个问题后有4个选项，请从A、B、C、D四个选项中选出一个正确选项。

Passage 1

There was once a farmer, who lived near a road. It was not a busy road, but cars often passed the farm.

Near the farm gate, there was a large hole in the road. This hole was always full of water, and the drivers of the cars could not see how deep the hole was. They thought it was probably shallow. Then when they drove into the hole, they could not drive out because it was so deep.

The farmer did not spend much time working on his farm. He spent most of it watching the hole. When a car drove into it, he pulled the car out with his tractor and charged the driver a lot of money for doing this.

One day, the driver of a car said to him, “You must take a lot of money from pulling cars out of this hole night and day.”

“Oh, no,” said the farmer, “I don’t pull cars out of the hole at night. At night I fill the hole with water.”

1. The farmer’s home is __________.

  A. beside the hole               B. far from a farm

  C. near a road                  D. at the farm gate

2. __________ near the farm gate.

  A. There was a tractor            B. There was a large hole

  C. There were a lot of cars        D. There were a few farmers

3. Many cars went into the hole because the drivers __________.

  A. were not careful              B. didn’t see the hole

  C. liked driving through water     D. could not see how deep the hole was

4. The farmer spent much time _________ in the daytime.

  A. watching the hole             B. digging the hole

  C. working on the farm           D. driving a tractor

5. The farmer made a lot of money from ____________.

  A. growing things on the farm      B. watching the gate of the farm

  C. filling the hole with earth        D. pulling cars out of the hole

.

.

.

10.

第二部分：词汇与结构 （共两小节；满分40分）

第一节：此小节共有10个未完成的句子，针对每个句子中未完成的部分有4个选项，请你从A、B、C、D四个选项中选出一个正确选项（共10小题，每小题2分，满分20分）。

11. What a beautiful _______ he is driving!

A. card    B. car    C. bike      D. bed

12. He lost his job last week, so he was ________ .

A. worried      B. happy    C. well    D. easy

13. He is _______ than his brother in writing.

A. best    B. better    C. good      D. clever

14. Where are you going in the ___________?

A. home      B. history     C. holiday       D. family

.

.

.

20.

第二节：此小节有2篇短文，每篇短文后有5个单词。请选择可以填入短文空白处的单词每个单词只能选择一次。（共10个空，每空2分，满分20分）。

Passage 1

Almost everyone likes dogs, and almost everyone    21     to read about dogs. I have a friend. He has a big police dog with the name Jack. Police   22    are very clever. Every Sunday afternoon my friend takes Jack for a long walk in the park. Jack likes these long walks very much.

One Sunday afternoon a young man came to visit   23   friend. He stayed a long time. He talked and talked. Soon it was time for my friend to take Jack for a walk. But the visitor still stayed. Jack became much worried. He walked around the room several times and then sat down in front of the visitor and looked   24   him. But the visitor paid no attention （注意）to Jack. He went on talking. At last Jack got angry. He   25   out of the room and came back a few minutes later. He sat down again in front of the visitor, but this time he took the visitor’s cap in his mouth.

21.   A. at

B. went

C. dogs

D. likes

E. my

22.   A. at

B. went

C. dogs

D. likes

E. my

23.   A. at

B. went

C. dogs

D. likes

E. my

24.   A. at

B. went

C. dogs

D. likes

E. my

25.   A. at

B. went

C. dogs

D. likes

E. my

.

.

.

30.

第三部分：翻译（共8小题；满分40分）

第一节：请把下面4个句子翻译成中文。（共4小题，每小题5分，满分20分）。

31. Television works in much the same way as radio.

32. Water is nature’s best gift to man.

33. Great writers are those who not only have great thoughts but also express these thoughts in words.

34．If it is a good shop, no assistant will come up to you with the greeting: “Can I help you, sir?”

第二节：请把下面的4个句子翻译成英语。（共4小题，每小题5分，满分20分）。

35．他在这所学校学习。

36．她喜欢英语吗？

37．你们家有几口人？

38．你是老师吗？

大学英语（C）模拟试卷参考答案

第一部分：阅读理解

1. C   2. B    3. D    4. A     5. D   6-10 （略）

第二部分：词汇和结构

第一节

11. B    12. A    13. B   14. C  15-20 （略）

第二节

21. D   22. C   23. E   24. A   25. B   26-30 （略）

第三部分：翻译

第一节

31、电视的工作原理和收音机一样。

32、水是自然送给人类的最好的礼物。

33．伟大的作家不仅有伟大的思想，而且能用语言将这些思想表达出来。

34. 如果这是家不错的商店，不会有店员走过来招呼你：“先生，需要买点什么？”

第二节

35. He studies in this school.

36. Does she like English?

37. How many people are there in your family?

38. Are you a teacher?